![]() Although involuntary remembering appears to be a common, everyday phenomenon ( Berntsen, 2007), little is known about other types of intrusive imagery. The vast majority of psychological research on memory and imagery has involved voluntary, effortful processes to the neglect of involuntary ones. Intrusions are instances of involuntary or direct, as opposed to voluntary, retrieval in that their appearance in consciousness is spontaneous rather than following a deliberate effort or search ( Berntsen, 2009 Mace, 2007). Finally, we consider the implications for psychological treatment. ![]() This material is then used to update and expand the dual representation theory of PTSD ( Brewin, 2001, 2003) by placing it within the context of a neurobiological model of normal memory and imagery ( Burgess, Becker, King, & O’Keefe, 2001 Byrne, Becker, & Burgess, 2007). In this article we relate observations of intrusive memories and images across a variety of disorders to models of memory and imagery drawn from cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Harvey, Watkins, Mansell, & Shafran, 2004 Hirsch & Holmes, 2007). In contrast, there is increasing empirical research suggesting that intrusive visual images and memories are a common feature of many disorders (i.e., a transdiagnostic process A. Consistent with this, psychological theories of mental disorders have given much more attention to the role of various kinds of negative verbal thought than to the role of visual intrusions ( Brewin, 1998 Hackmann & Holmes, 2004). Recurrent and intrusive images feature in the diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), acute stress disorder, and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) but are not mentioned in relation to the majority of other mental disorders ( American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Finally, we discuss the treatment implications of the new model and relate it to existing forms of psychological therapy. The revised model is used to explain how the different types of distressing visual intrusions associated with clinical disorders arise, in terms of the need for correct interaction between the neural systems supporting S-reps and C-reps via visuospatial working memory. We revise our previous dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder to place it within a neural systems model of healthy memory and imagery. Evidence from cognitive psychology and neuroscience implies distinct neural bases to abstract, flexible, contextualized representations (C-reps) and to inflexible, sensory-bound representations (S-reps). Both memory and imagery appear to rely on common networks involving medial prefrontal regions, posterior regions in the medial and lateral parietal cortices, the lateral temporal cortex, and the medial temporal lobe. Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, other anxiety disorders, depression, eating disorders, and psychosis frequently report repeated visual intrusions corresponding to a small number of real or imaginary events, usually extremely vivid, detailed, and with highly distressing content. “I don’t recall another opportunity in my life,” he said, “where I’ve been in a room with ten other Black men and been vulnerable, together and in service of art.Involuntary images and visual memories are prominent in many types of psychopathology. “I said after rehearsals, if I never end up opening this play, if I never end up doing months of performances, I’ll be okay, because so much of the work we did in the room was transformational.” “This play has healed me,” Dyllón Burnside, who plays Love, told Variety before the show. But with this play, with what we’re doing, we have to change that.”įor the actors, served as much by “Thoughts of a Colored Man” as its audience, those changes in the rehearsal room are tangible and distinct. ![]() “Sometimes you have to show up, get your check, and go home or go back to your trailer. “As actors and creators, rooms like that normally don’t exist,” he continued. “What you see on the stage would not be possible if we didn’t create brotherhood in the rehearsal room.” “I asked everyone to lend their spirit to this show,” Scott told Variety. ![]()
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